ToxicsWatch, Journal of Earth, Science, Economy and Justice

Indian soil is battling a silent and losing war. The emphasis on chemical fertilisers during the green revolution and exclusion of parameters like organic matter, carbon, soil structure and water retention capacity has led to severe soil degradation and reduced productivity. A conference on “India’s Soils: Science Policy-Practice Interfaces for Sustainable Futures” was held at IIT Delhi which brought together scientists, policy makers and practitioners and helped develop the 3M framework which recognises organic Matter, soil Microbes and soil Moisture retention capacity as the three pillars of restoring soil health. It called upon the sciences to acknowledge that soils are a living entity and to revitalize disciplines such as soil biology and soil physics. It recognised the invaluable knowledge of practitioners in restoring soils and the need to incorporate their knowledge into the policy making process. It also argued that soil health is a public good, and it must be addressed systemically at the agroecological level along with supporting farmers at the farm level. 

Gopal Krishna from ToxicsWatch Alliance (TWA), talked about larger impact of wastes on soil quality. Interestingly enough, much of technological inputs in waste management process have actually produced another set of non-recyclable wastes. Therefore, waste management as a process has to be addressed through its inter-connectedness with soil, food production and consumption, and health too. Policies should cater to increasing proportion of organic matter in waste composition rather than heavy metal. He points out to the fact of inherent contradiction within policies catered to waste management by Indian state. On one hand, it does argue for more organic waste; on the other hand, the recent data shows there is only 28-30% of organic matter and 78.9% of heavy metal in waste composition. The larger goal has to do with waste minimization instead of waste maximization. 

In other words, policies should address in increasing the content of organic waste in overall waste composition. One should also address concerns around burning of waste, because it automatically generates another set of toxic waste. Usually, the burning does happen when those category wastes do not get decomposed naturally. The idea of recyclable waste can happen only through farmers’ own knowledge about sustainable use of waste. For more details, visit www.soilsconference2017.com.

World's deadliest hazardous chemical waste from Bhopal factory is reached Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh (MP)

Self immolation attempt has been made in protest against transfer of toxic waste of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC)' Bhopal factory to Pithampur near Indore, Madhya Pradesh (MP) fearing repeat of Bhopal disaster. Notably, 12 trucks carrying 337 tonnes of toxic waste out of over over 12 lakh metric tonnes from the UCC factory stored for 40 years left for Pithampur near Indore under heavy security reached there on January 2, 2025 amid bitter protest. Former employees of the UCC's plant have shared the list of toxic substances in the factory premises. These include: 1 Ortho dichlorobenzene, 2 Carbon tetrachloride, 3 Chloroform, 4 Methyl Chloride, 5 Methanol, 6 Mercury, 7 Sevin, 8 Alpha Naphthol etc. UCC's chemical plant dealt with a multitude of organic compounds to manufacture the pesticide carbaryl (Sevin). Phosgene and Monomethyl amine (MMA) were the main raw materials involved in the process of manufacturing Methyl iso-cyanate (MIC), which in turn was used in combination with excess alpha-naphthol to produce Sevin. By-products like chloroform,carbon tetrachloride, MMA, ammonium chloride, dimethyl urea were all collected and recycled back to the process. Toxic substances stored inappropriately inside the UCC's plant site entered the soil and the ground water aquifer. The 1996 study of Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad had shown the presence of Heavy metals(Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Manganese Nickel and Zinc) in wastes dumped within the factory. Naphthol and other volatile organic matter were also detected in the same waste. Leaching from these wastes was not ruled out.
 

In the backdrop of Paris Agreement's failure to address climate crisis due to resistance from. Commercial czars, the 10th session of the historic negotiations to regulate transnational corporations and other enterprises are underway in Geneva, Switzerland, at the Human Rights Council (HRC) of the United Nations (UN). The negotiations have the mandate to make the TNCs subservient to a legally binding treaty on human rights. The agenda of work of the 10th session and road map of the UN's open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights and the text oto the dated draft legally binding instrument with the textual proposals submitted by States during the ninth session is being pursued. 

The session was initially scheduled for October 2024 but it was suddenly rescheduled to December unmindful of the limitations of the participants from the Global South. 

Human Rights Council Procedural Decision A/HCR/56/116 was adopted in July 2024 to provide additional resources for the UN process. 

Notably, the UN Resolution 26/9 which initiated the UN process in 2014 gave a mandate to regulate the activities of TNCs and other international business enterprises. It has come to light that during the last two UN sessions the government of Ecuador, the Chair of the UN process has sided with corporate interests and Global North countries. It is hoped that Daniel Noboa led government of Ecuador will refrain from siding with Global North countries. Brazilian daily Folha de S.Paulo revealed in October 2023 that Noboa is the owner of two offshore companies located in Panama, according to the Panama Papers. He is reportedly linked to companies owned by his father in tax havens.

Post Rafael Correa regime in Ecuador started behaving strangely in order to procure loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It revoked Julian Assange's asylum on 11 April 2019 following which he was arrested for failing to appear in court, and carried out of the embassy by members of the London Metropolitan Police. In October 2019, Lenín Moreno led government faced a series of bitter protests from the people of Ecuador. His successor Guillermo Lasso faced two impeachment proceeding, dissolved the National Assembly and did not run for election in 2023. 

Ecuador government's docile and gullible role was on display in Ottawa. The intergovernmental committee tasked by the UN Environment Assembly to conclude plastic pollution treaty is chaired by Ambassador Luis Vayas of Ecuador. The chair decided to suspend the meeting in Ottawa. The chair allowed the USA and Saudi Arabia to seize control of the negotiation like the committee’s catastrophic session in Paris. USA, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and  Switzerland support the chair because an alternative proposal echoed the proposition of the USA. The revised draft text that had been prepared in Nairobi in November 2023 was undermined. UN Environment Assembly had adopted the plastics treaty negotiation mandate in March 2022. The third session had prepared a 31 page long zero draft text of the international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment in Nairobi. The 77 page Ottawa text came up for negotiation at the fifth session of the intergovernmental negotiating committee in Busan, South Korea during November 25-December 1 2024 but failed to finalize the text of the treaty and ended with 22 page long chair's text. The role of the chair from Ecuador has been undermined as well. 

In such a backdrop, during the negotiations on the legally binding treaty on human rights, Global South countries like China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Russia, Palestine, Kenya, Egypt, South Africa, Cuba, Honduras and others are stressing the focus on TNCs. The International Chamber of Commerce, the International Organisation of Employers and the US Council for International Business who are defenders of the interest of TNCs have engineered their way into the negotiations to influence the outcome of this UN process.

Some of these TNCs which are complicit in genocide, mass displacement, famine, and the destruction of land and nature want corporate impunity to prevail. The Binding Treaty process ought to inspire national legal systems and vice versa.

The Global Campaign to Reclaim Peoples’ Sovereignty, Dismantle Corporate Power and Stop Impunity brought the voices of the communities and social movements affected by corporate crime in the face of corporate lobbies. 

Forty years after the Bhopal disaster of 1984, the victims and the adversely affected ecosystems await relief and remediation. Lessons from such industrial disasters create a compelling logic for an internationally binding treaty for transnational corporations (TNCs) and human rights.

Given the fact that corporations, banks and other business enterprises are admittedly not meant to be “democratic public interest institutions”, the decisive negotiations on an enforceable treaty on transnational corporations and human rights which are currently underway has great significance. A UN resolution of 2014 had created the UN Open-ended intergovernmental working group and tasked it to prepare the text of a binding treaty. States are due to meet in Geneva, for the 10th session of the UN's Open Ended Inter-Governmental Working Group (OEIGWG) to negotiate the updated draft of the future Binding Treaty during 16-20 December 2024. The first and second sessions of the open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights were dedicated to conducting constructive deliberations on the content, scope, nature and form of a future international instrument to regulate, in international human rights law, the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises.

During the third session, the Working Group discussed elements for a draft legally binding instrument prepared by the Chairperson-Rapporteur of the OEIGWG taking into consideration the discussions held during the first two sessions. At he fourth session, the Working Group's discussions focused on a zero draft legally binding instrument, as well as a zero draft optional protocol to be annexed to the zero draft legally binding instrument. During the fifth session, a revised draft of the legally binding instrument served as the basis for negotiations. At the sixth session, a second revised draft of the legally binding instrument served as the basis for negotiations. During the seventh session, a third revised draft of the legally binding instrument served as the basis for negotiations. At the eighth session, the third revised draft of the legally binding instrument with the textual proposals submitted by States during the seventh session served as the basis for negotiations. Additionally, to help advance discussions during the eighth session, States and non-State stakeholders could also comment on informal contributions presented by the Chair-Rapporteur on select articles of the instrument. During the ninth session, an updated draft legally binding instrument served as the basis for negotiations.

At its 56th session, on 11 July 2024, the Human Rights Council adopted decision 56/116 to enhance the support capabilities of the OEIGWG in line with the mandate established by the Council in its resolution 26/9, and to enhance the support capabilities in the area of business and human rights within the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, for the work on the legally binding instrument.

In its essence, the proposed draft treaty is an outcome of over 50 years of effort, which underlines that self-regulation by corporations is not enough at all. As a consequence of such realization as early as July 1972, at the initiative of Government of Chile, United Nations Economic and Social Council (UNESC) had requested UN Secretary General to appoint a Group of Eminent Persons to study the role of transnational corporations in relation to developing countries and international relations. This UN Group was headed by L K Jha, former Governor, Reserve Bank of India. Developing countries Chile, India, Ecuador have been grappling with the ungovernable might of corporations like International Telephone and Telegraph Company, Union Carbide Corporation and Chevron.

The persistent efforts to enact a binding treaty for corporations expose the emptiness of voluntary UN Global Compact and UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.

Prior to the current efforts initiated by Ecuador and supported by India, China, South Africa, Russian Federation, Philippines, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Venezuela, Cuba, Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia and Pakistan to provide the legal remedy to wrongs committed by business enterprises, the UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights had approved the 'UN norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights'. These norms had emerged as a step towards ensuring corporate accountability in August 2003. 

But the report of the Prof. John Ruggie, a Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on business and human rights undermined these proposed mandatory UN Norms under the influence of International Chamber of Commerce and the International Organization of Employers. It chose to promote Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in July 2011 as part of advocacy for the status quo of voluntary regulation by the companies while admitting that "While corporations may be considered organs of society, they are specialised economic organs, not democratic public interest institutions.”

The efforts of the UN working group vindicate the UN Norms which were drafted by Prof. David Weissbrodt and other co-authors for mandatory regulation of TNCs. Prof. Weissbrodt had underlined how only 1,000 of about 75, 000 TNCs had joined the voluntary UN Global Compact. Even the ones who joined are at a liberty to withdraw at their sweet will.

In order to inspire confidence the new efforts for the proposed legally enforceable mandatory treaty must ensure that business enterprises are subservient to both peoples’ will and legislative will. It should ensure that natural persons have the principle of primacy of their human rights and public interest over private economic interests. It should reaffirm the hierarchical superiority of human rights norms over trade and investment treaties and develop specific state obligations in this regard.

After the third session of the UN inter governmental working group concluded, on October 27, 2017 a representative for the USA asserted gleefully that this “binding treaty will not be binding for those who voted against it”. The US reaction to the efforts for binding treaty gives a sense of déjà vu. After the initial adoption of the mandatory UN norms, the corporations reacted sharply saying: these norms are “duplicate and unnecessary”. Prof. Weissbrodt had responded saying, the mandatory norms are indeed “duplicate” in the sense that they are based on existing laws and principles, therefore, they are necessary.     

Notably, USA did not participate in the three-year process after the adoption of the UN resolution on 26 June, 2014 at the 37th meeting of UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC). Instead, USA along with UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Republic of Korea besides countries are like Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Ireland, Montenegro and Romania have voted against the resolution for a binding treaty. Under external influence countries like Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, United Arab Emirates, Gabon, Kuwait, Maldives, Mexico, Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Botswana abstained.   

The Draft Report of Guillaume Long, the Chair-Rapporteur of the UN working group paving the way for the treaty was approved by consensus. It was submitted for final approval to the UNHRC in March 2018. The Elements paper towards a Treaty proposed by Ecuador remained open for comments until the end of February 2018. It formed the basis for developing the zero draft treaty for the fourth session of the UN working group in 2018.

The Report on the ninth session of the open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights, presented at the Fifty-fifth session of Human Rights Council during 26 February–5 April 2024 revealed that list of participants in the exercise included members of the UN like Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, China, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Czechia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Türkiye, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam. State of Palestine, a non-member was represented by an observer.

Instead of re-inventing the wheel, the UN working group ought to have adopted the proceedings of previous UN efforts and the Draft Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations which emerged out of the report of the UN’s Eminent Persons besides the UN Norms. This Code was submitted at the special session of the UN Commission on Transnational Corporations to the UN Economic and Social Council on May 31, 1990. 

So far consistent with the legacy of Non Aligned Movement (NAM), India supported these UN efforts especially after May 26, 2014 when Sushma Swaraj took charge of foreign ministry from Salman Khurshid. Indian Government’s position on the binding treaty amid maneuvers from the European Union, USA and commercial czars merits attention.    

The tremendous influence of US-based Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) became visible when the author posed a question to the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh in October 2017 on a NDTV program co-hosted by Amitabh Bachchan, a former legislator and a veteran actor. When asked about the disposal of the 336 tonnes of hazardous waste lying in the UCC factory, its liability and the disclosure of the report of the judicial inquiry commission on the 1984 Bhopal disaster. The then Chief Minister and the current Union Agriculture Minister chose to maintain a studied silence about all these questions. Significantly, although the Justice S.L. Kochar led commission submitted its report to the state government in February 2015; it has not been made public as yet. In the name of trade secret, UCC has not disclosed the composition of the gas which was leaked on the night December 2, 1984. 

Meanwhile, in March 2024, the 22nd Law Commission of India published a report titled “Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage” along with a draft bill based on its consultation with likes of Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and US Patent and Trademark Office.

In order to inspire confidence, the new efforts for enforceable UN treaty and Indian trade secrets and economic espionage legislation must ensure that business enterprises are subservient to both peoples’ will and legislative will. These laws should ensure the primacy of human rights and public interest over private economic interests. They should reaffirm the hierarchical superiority of human rights norms over trade and investment treaties and develop specific state obligations in this regard.

Dr. Gopal Krishna

The author’s doctoral thesis is on corporate crimes and the accountability of public institutions. He is a lawyer and a researcher of philosophy and law. His current work is focused on philosophy of digital totalitarianism and monetisation of nature. He has appeared before Supreme Court’s Committees, Parliamentary Committees of Europe, Germany and India and UN agencies on the subject of national and international legislation. He is an ex-Fellow, Berlin based International Research Group on Authoritarianism and Counter Strategies (IRGAC). He is also the editor of www.toxicswatch.org.

The Thirteenth Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change  (UNFCCC COP-30) will convene in November 2025 in Belém, Brazil. It will serve as the 20th meeting of the COP serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 20), and the Seventh meeting of the COP serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 7). UNFCCC was voluntary. Kyoto Protocol was mandatory. Paris Agreement is voluntary. The distressing outcome of Twenty Ninth Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change  (UNFCCC COP-29) was more disappointing than the outcome of the COP 28 held in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, during 30 November-13 December 2023.  These outcomes reveal that the adoption of Paris Agreement instead of adopting third commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol was/is a misleading initiative. CMP 20 of Kyoto Protocol should be used to re-negotiate its third commitment period. COP29 decision text has come under unprecedented criticism. 

India became the first Global South nation to reject the UN climate deal, which offers $300 billion annually to developing countries to address the consequences of climate crisis they did not cause. India rejected the climate spending goal adopted at the COP29 in the Azerbaijani capital of Baku. Chandni Raina, an advisor at India’s Finance Ministry and COP29 negotiator for India, severely criticised the deal saying, "In continuation of several such incidents of not following inclusivity, not respecting country positions...We had informed the presidency, we had informed the secretariat that we wanted to make a statement prior to any decision. However, this is for everyone to see, this has been stage-managed. We are extremely disappointed." She said that India was not allowed to speak before the adoption of the deal. She added: "USD 300 billion does not address the needs and priorities of developing countries. It is incompatible with the principle of CBDR (Common but Differentiated Responsibilities) and equity, regardless of the battle with the impact of climate change". She underlined her sadness: "We are very unhappy, disappointed with the process, and object to the adoption of this agenda". She asserted: “I regret to say that this document is nothing more than an optical illusion. This, in our opinion, will not address the enormity of the challenge we all face. Therefore, we oppose the adoption of this document.” 

Prior to this India had expressed disappointment at the shifting of focus from enablement of adequate Climate Finance to emphasis only on mitigation, at the Plenary Session at the CoP29 of the UN Climate Change Summit in Baku, Azerbaijan. India aligned its stance with the statement made by Bolivia on behalf of Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) and reiterated that the process of the fight against Climate Change has to be guided by the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, as the Global South continues to face the intense impacts of Climate Change.

Delivering India’s statement, Secretary (MoEFCC) and Deputy Leader of the Delegation, Leena Nandan had said, “We feel disappointed by the fact that we continue to shift focus when the time has come to ensure that the mitigation actions are fully supported through provisions of adequate Finances as per CBDR-RC and equity considerations. COP after COP, we keep talking about mitigation ambitions - what is to be done, without talking about how it is to be done - in other words, the enablement of mitigation ambitions. This COP started with Focus on enablement through New Collective Quantitative Goals (NCQG), but as we move towards the end, we see shifting of the focus to mitigation.”

India firmly asserted that any attempts to deflect the focus again from Finance to repeated emphasis on mitigation cannot be accepted. The statement read, “All countries have submitted their NDCs and will be submitting the next round of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) being informed by the various decisions we have taken together in the past as well as on the basis of our national circumstances and in the context of sustainable development goals and poverty eradication. What we decide here on climate finance will certainly influence what we submit next year. The attempt by some parties to further talk about mitigation is primarily a shift in focus from their own responsibilities of providing finance.” The statement called for a ‘Balance in the Climate Discourse’, and added, “If not so ensured, we may have continuous talk of mitigation that has no meaning, unless supported by enablement that is needed to make climate actions happen on the ground.”

India put forth its stance on the following issues that are critical in the fight against Climate Change. They are:

NCQG

India highlighted that as grant-based concessional Climate Finance is the most critical enabler to formulate and implement the new NDCs, action will get severely impacted in the absence of adequate means of implementation. The statement read, “The document needs to be specific on the structure, quantum, quality, timeframe, access, transparency, and review. The goal for mobilisation needs to be USD 1.3 trillion, with USD 600 billion of this coming through grants and grants equivalent resources. Expansion of the contributor base, reflection of conditional elements such as macroeconomic and fiscal measures, suggestion for carbon pricing, focus on private sector actors for scaling up resource flows as investments – is contrary to the mandate for the goal. NCQG is not an investment goal. We must accept that climate actions by Developing countries will have to be country driven, in line with their circumstances and in the manner best suited to country priorities.”

Mitigation

India strongly protested against changing the scope of the Mitigation Work Programme (MWP) in the draft text. India further cautioned against shifting of temperature goals, which  need to be as per the exact language in the Paris Agreement. India called the introduction to the targets for 2030, 2035 and 2050 in the preamble as purely prescriptive.

India urged to add to the text certain elements like noting the pre-2020 mitigation gap by Annex-I Parties; noting with strong concern that the emission of Annex-I Parties is increasing from 2020 to 2030 etc. India strongly urged to recall the negative impacts of coercive unilateral measures on climate action specifically mitigation ambition and implementation.

Just Transition

India strongly declined to accept any renegotiation of the shared understanding prevalent on ‘Just Transitions’ in the decision from Dubai. The statement read, “Just transition is interpreted in narrow domestic terms, implying that it is national governments that have to take actions to ensure domestic just transitions. However, we have repeatedly made the point that Just transitions begin globally with Developed countries taking the lead in mitigation and ensuring that they provide the means of implementation to all Developing countries.”

India statement further said, “We have also repeatedly made the point that the possibility of our domestic transitions, our right to development, and our over-riding priority to pursue sustainable development, is constrained by repeated and ongoing inaction of Developed countries. The current text completely disregards this point that we have been making about our understanding of just transitions, which is also reflected in the Dubai decision. We absolutely cannot accept these paragraphs. They are prescriptive and completely reinterpret just transitions.”

GST

On the GST India stated the following:

1. India does not agree to a follow up of the GST outcomes. As per Paris agreement, GST is supposed to only inform parties to undertake climate action.
2. The new chapeau on Enhancing Action, Support and International Cooperation has been drafted without adequate connection or integration with the text, parts of which are under negotiation on the UAE dialogue.
3. The last text from the negotiations undertaken by Parties was one that captured the views of all Parties and was a viable basis for further negotiation. The new options under the Section titled Modalities of the UAE dialogue does not capture this at all.
4. The new chapeau has no connection with the subject matter of finance which is the main aim of the UAE dialogue.

• Further, the phrase “with developed countries (as per the synthesis report of the Biennial Reports) on track to increasing their emissions by 0.5 per cent from 2020 to 2030” may be added after the phrase “by 2.6 per cent by 2030 compared with the 2019 level”.
• Though the new chapeau title is general, the text added is completely mitigation centric and completely unbalanced. India does not accept this text.
• India does not accept the way the options have been formulated in the Timing and Format sections of the UAE dialogue.

Adaptation

India shared the following five points, which are essential to consider the draft decision:

• Final outcome should include indicators on means of implementation in order for this work on global goal on adaptation to be meaningful.
• There is no need to further focus on transformational adaptation. Instead, it is important to focus on other approaches such as incremental adaptation, long term adaptation in the context of national circumstances.
• The data used for reporting on indicators should be taken from Party submitted reports and not from any third party databases. Therefore, this text may be dropped.

• Language on Establishment of Baku Road Map as a means of continuing work pertaining to the global goal on adaptation, is essential.
• Indicators should reflect the progress in the GGA goals. Further segregation may not be required.

In conclusion, reiterated that this COP is the Finance COP - the Balancing COP, the enabling CoP. The statement read, “If we fail here, we fail in the fight against Climate Change for which the onus should be on those who are obligated to provide finance for climate action.”

The Nigerian representative called the $300 billion goal “a joke,” while Bolivia slammed it as an “insult and a flagrant violation of justice and climate equity.” Ali Mohamed, speaking on behalf of more than 50 African nations, called the deal “too little, too late for a continent facing climate devastation while contributing least to emissions.” He noted that an estimated $5.1–6.8 trillion is needed for climate action by 2030. The Association of Small Island States (AOSIS), a group of 43 island nations quit the summit saying that the COP29 discussions “were not offering a progressive way forward.”

Raina concluded: "India does not accept the goal proposal in its present form."